Can We Talk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can We Talk - Research Paper Example Failure to have self disclosure, the two parties will develop some internal anger and without proper channel to vent it out, for instance proper communication skills, it may worsen the problem. I remember back in the day, I and my wife never used to open up to each other and it really cost our relationship dearly. This failure to open up in many cases is necessitated by poor communication between spouses. Self-disclosure is very important and in fact directly related to contentment and satisfaction in relationships (Can We Talk? Role Of Communication In Marriage, 2011). Gender differences have to be put in consideration despite the fact that research has actually found very big difference between genders in as afar as communication is concerned .Similarities also exist. Personally I can relate to so many similarities for instance, both men and women like being talked to nicely without being shouted at. Despite the fact that social research is normally based on generalization and some people do not fit in some of those generalizations. Personally I do not fit in most of the generalizations may be because of my split

Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Total Quality Management Essay Quality has become a significant element among the competitive factors in the operations system. Quality is now recognized as a powerful strategic weapon, enables the organization to continually sustain in a global competition. Quality can improve operation management by emphasizing the operation management to focus on producing product that is fit for the purpose of the users, based on Jurans view of quality. The issues of quality is defined by Deming as to produce product that is satisfy to the needs of customers, who plays an essence role in production system. To meet both of the issues of quality, operation management may employ Quality Function Deployment, which is part of the Company Wide Quality Control in Japan under a strict Japanese Industrial Standard, and is refer as the voice of the customers used to translate customers expectations in term of specific requirements, into instructions on how a product should be developed. Dr Mizuno, the Professor of Tokyo created the QFD system and was first applied in Mitsubishi, Heavy Industries, Ltd, in Kobe Shipyard, Japan in 1972.(Yoji Akao, 1990).

Hernan Cortes :: essays research papers

Hernan Cortes was born in 1485 in a town called Medellin in Extremadura. It talks about little of his child hood and little about his young life except that he studied law at the University of Salamanca. His law school years were cut short in 1501 when he decided to try his luck in the New World. He sailed from Santo Domingo in the Spring of 1504. After he had got there in 1511 he joined he Spanish Soldier and Administrator Diego Velasquez in the conquest of Cuba, and there he became alcalde or mayor of Santiago de Cuba. In 1518 he persuaded Velasquez to give him command to the expedition of Mexico. Juan de Grijalva, nephew of Velasquez, had discovered the mainland the year before by the Spanish soldier and explorer Fernandez de Cobia and. On February 19, 1519 Cortes set sail west from Cuba even though Velasquez cancelled his pay because of suspicion that Cortes would find himself independent and refuse to take order. Cortes took with him about 600 men, less than 20 horses, and 10 field pieces. Cortes sailed along the east coast of Yucatan and in March 1519 landed in Mexico. Cortes neutralized the town of Tabasco. The artillery, the ships, and especially the horses awed the natives. From these people of Tabasco Cortes learned about the Aztecs and their ruler Montezuma II. Cortes took lots of captives one of which they baptized and renamed Marina. She became his lover and out of loyalty to him became his interpreter, Translator, Guide, and Counselor. Finding a better harbor a little North of San Juan they established a town called La Villa Rica De La Vera Cruz, which literally translates to The Rich Village Of The Vera Cruz. This was later called just Varacruz. Cortes did what Velasquez that he would do, and abandoned the authority of everybody except the king and queen. Cortes was a strategical thinker and destroyed his group of vessels in order to prevent small forces from opposing him and returning to Cuba to tell Velasquez. At about this time Cortes started his famous march inland even after negotiations with Montezuma. Montezuma tried to persuade Cortes not to enter the capital city of Tenochtitlan but Cortes was good at not following directions. Cortes overcame the native tribe Tlascalans. This tribe quickly became an alliance to the Spanish because they were enemies to the Aztecs.

Study Guide Ap Bio Ch 16-18

Study guide for Ch 16-18 Chapter 16 †¢ Alfred Hershey and Martha chase answered the question whether protein or DNA was the genetic material by using Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). o Bacteriaphages were good for the experiment because they only contain 2 organic compounds, DNA and protein. †¢ James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to solve the structure (structure=function) of DNA. †¢ X-ray crystallography( process used to visualize molecules in 3-D. †¢ DNA is a double helix- structure †¢ The nitrogenous bases of DNA are( adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The 2 strands (the leading and the lagging strand) are antiparallel. o The leading strand goes in direction 5’ to 3’. o Lagging strand goes 3’ to 5’. Takes longer to replicate cause it’s built in fragments. †¢ Tip from the book(know these enzymes for replication: DNA polymerase, ligase, helicase, and topoisomerase. Know thi s enzyme for transcription(the role of RNA polymerase. †¢ Replication(making DNA from already existing DNA strand. DNA replication is semiconservative (1/2 of original DNA and the other ? is from new DNA strand). This is used by humans! A group of enzymes called DNA polymerases catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at replication fork. The overall direction of DNA replication goes from the origin to the fork. o DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing chain one by one; working in a 5’ to 3’ (DNA build strand (â€Å"new†) or RNA polymerase go 5’(3’ in the build strand). Parent strand DNA and RNA polymerase is 3’ to 5’. o DNA polymerase matches adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine o The lagging strand is synthesized in separate pieces called Okazaki fragments (which segments in 3’(5’), which are then sealed together by DNA Ligase.Forming a continuous DNA strand. †¢ Many factors in replication: o Bas e pairing in DNA replication( A=T/ G=C. o Mismatch repair(special repair enzymes fix incorrectly paired nucleotides o Nucleotide excision repair. †¢ Tip****(know the difference between replication (DNA to DNA), transcription (DNA to RNA), and translation (RNA to protein). †¢ In Eukaryotic cells, DNA and protein are packed together as chromatin. o Heterochromatin(very condensed chromatin. o Euchromatin(loosely condensed chromatin. Telemer region(small fragment of DNA that is lost during replication due to enzyme’s inability to attach the fragment on to the end of the DNA helix. (This is our biological clock). Chapter 17 †¢ Gene expression(the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or sometimes RNA). †¢ Transcription= DNA(RNA o Takes place in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. †¢ Messenger RNA (mRNA) produced during transcription. It carries the genetic message of DNA to the protein making machinery of the cell in the cytoplasm, ie the ri bosome. The mRNA triplets are called codons (a codon is a mRNA triplet). o mRNA is read codon by codon. ? Start codons and stop codons are used in the build strand the protein coding segment is between the start codon and stop codon in the build strand. †¢ They are written in the 5’ to 3’ direction. †¢ More than one codon codes for each of the 20 amino acids. Genetic code includes 64 codons (4 x 4 x 4). o The group must be read in the correct groupings in order for translation to be successful o 3 codons act as signal terminators (UAA, UAG, UGA) o AUG always has to be start codon. RNA polymerase(enzyme that separates the 2 DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template strand. o RNA pol. Can add RNA nucleotides only to the 3’ end of the strand. REMEMBER†¦ uracil replaces thymine when base pairing to adenine. ==>difference betw DNA and RNA. o The DNA sequence at which RNA pol. Attaches is called the Promoter. o The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription= Terminator. †¢ Transcription unit(the entire stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. †¢ 3 main stages of transcription: from the book. Initiation (RNA polymerase that transcribes mRNA cannot bind to the promoter region without supporting help from proteins known as transcription factors. transcription factors assist the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus the initiation of transcription) Notes: o Elongation (RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, continuing to untwist the double helix. RNA nucleotides are continually added to the 3’ end. As this happens, the double helix re-forms. Notes: †¢ Termination (RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence in the DNA, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches. There a couple of key post-transcriptional modifications to RNA( the addition of a 5’ cap and the addition of a poly A Tail (3’). †¢ RNA sp licing also takes place in eukaryotic cells. Large portions of the newly synthesized RNA strand are removed. This is the parent strand. o The sections of the mRNA that are spliced out are called introns. o Sections that are spliced together by a spliceosome(exons. ? The new strand containing the exons is called the build strand, which runs in a direction of 5’ to 3’.Remember parent strand runs in 3’ to 5’. †¢ Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)( plays a major role in catalyzing the excision of the introns and joining of exons. o Ribozyme is when RNA serves a catalytic role. †¢ Translation: o 2 additional types of RNA play important roles in translation besides mRNA: ? Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). †¢ tRNA functions in transferring amino acids from a pool of amino acids located in cytoplasm to a ribosome. These amino acids are incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain. At one end of a tRNA it loosely binds the amino acid, and at th e other end it has a nucleotide triplet called an anticodon (allows it to pair specifically with a complementary codon on the mRNA). †¢ rRNA complexes with proteins to form the 2 sub units that form ribosomes. o Translation can be divided into 3 steps ? Initiation, Elongation, and Termination (descriptions of these steps can be found on pg 129-130 I got lazy so fuck off) †¢ The review guide goes into mutations on pg 130 but I think that you’re better off reading the guide than reading my description. Chapter 18 In bacteria, genes are often clustered into units called operons. †¢ Operon consists of 3 parts: o Operator: controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes, it’s found within the promoter region. ? Normally in on position. In a repressible operon. o Promoter: where RNA polymerase attaches. o Genes of the operon: the entire stretch of DNA required for all the enzymes produced by the operon. †¢ Regulatory Genes(produce repressor proteins th at may bind to the operator site. When a regulatory protein occupies the operator site, RNA pol. Is blocked from the genes of the operon. Repressible operon( normally on. It can be inhibited. This type of operon is normally anabolic. o The repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene is inactive. o If the organic molecule being produced by the operon is provided to the cell, the molecule can act as a corepressor, and bind to the repressor protein(this activates it. ? The activated repressor protein binds to the operator site, shutting down the operon. †¢ The lac operon is inducible o Controls the production of B- galactosidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (break down) of lactose into glucose and galactose ?Inducible operon(gene expression B-galactosidase is stimulated by the presence of a co inducer, lactose. †¢ Turns the repressor gene switch off. o This is notes on gene expression on tryptophan. Next stuff is from book. ? Inducible operon( normally off bu t can be activated. This type of operon is catabolic, breaking down food molecules for energy. The repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene is active. †¢ To turn the inducible operon on, a specific small molecule, called an inducer, binds to an inactivates the repressor protein.With the repressor out of the operator site, RNA polymerase can access the genes of the operon. o 2 regulatory mechanisms used to turn on lac operon ? Presence of lactose as co inducer ? Low amounts of glucose. †¢ These 2 are the only way for this shit to work yo! †¢ Differential gene expression in eukaryotic cell gene expression o The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome. †¢ Histone acetylation( acetyl groups are added to amino acids of histone proteins, thus making the chromatin less tightly packed and encouraging transcription. DNA methylation( the addition of methyl groups to DNA it causes chromatin to condense, thus reducing gene expression. o With the help of phosphorylation next to a methylated amino acid, chromatin becomes loosened and thus encouraging transcription. †¢ Epigenic inheritance( the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence. †¢ Transcription initiation is where DNA control elements that bind transcription factors are involved in regulation. Control elements( multiple control elements(segments of non coding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription factors that help regulate transcription. o This is necessary for the precise regulation of gene expression in diff cell types. o Proximal and Distal control elements. ? Proximal control element has to be right next to promoter anything else is distal. †¢ Transcription factors( o Enhancer regions are bound to the promoter region by proteins called activators. o Some transcription factors function as repressors, others function as activators. Extra stuff †¢ TATA box is at the beginning of prom oter region.

Children Shouldnt Be Educated By Their Parents Education Essay

I agree with the sentiment that kids should ne'er be educated at place by their parents. This is based on the fact that, it is non a affair of traditional category the kids will be analyzing at place by their parents ; there are besides no higher recommendations signifiers from higher acquisition instruction, and kids will non be in a place to follow waies from their parents. As amateur of fact, it is really much important to direct childs to traditional schools. It is much of import to direct kids to traditional schools for them to win in their lives. Children Should Never Be Educated At Home by Their Parents As a affair of fact, kids ‘s instruction has become really much of import in the current times. As an consequence, there has been a het argument on whether kids need to be educated at place by there parents or non. In seeking to look into this affair, this paper tries to reason about if kids should be educated at place by their parents or non. Those suggesting for this gesture claim that, it is non a affair of traditional category the kids will be analyzing at place by their parents ; there are besides no higher recommendations signifiers from higher acquisition instruction, and kids will non be in a place to follow waies from their parents. As amateur of fact, it is really much important to direct childs to traditional schools, ( Educationalgateway.com, 2011 ) . As a affair of fact, the procedure of larning at place by parents is non traditional categories that childs learn from school. For illustration, male parents and female parents are non able to learn their childs all the clip. Traveling with the words of Judge Mangum said, â€Å" You ‘ve done good in place schooling, done a good occupation † ( Robbin, 2009 ) . On the other manus, he ordered that the childs should be placed in public schooling. Most persons hold a idea that, childs will make better in public schools as compared to place schooling. Regardless of the fact some childs go toing place schooling might be even in higher classs as compared to their age, such kids might non supply information to their parents. This is based on the fact ; most parents do non hold adequate instruction. In traditional categories, kids normally learn from teachers ; who have undergone through a certain instruction system and qualified for the occupation. Such like teachers have lesson programs, which is a really good planning for instruction, this is because, lesson programs provide a clear lineation wear how kids need to be educated. In add-on to that, such like teachers found in traditional schools are approved by higher acquisition plans, so they are certain of what they are learning, and the content of the lesson. By sing the morality of kids, it is much right to determine that, the issue of larning at place by parents has increased bad ethical motives and listening behaviours. The ground as to why most bookmans have concluded such a statement is that, most of the childs will non hold hold any regard when their parents order them to make one thing or the other. As a affair of fact, such bookmans have concluded that, it is far much of import to direct childs to traditional category, ( Gary, 2009 ) . The 2nd thing is that, [ the issue of larning at place by parents provided no recommendation from higher acquisition organic structure or organisation. It was said by on parent that, â€Å" It is my purpose to be a better influence on my kids than their favourite instructor! I want to be my kids ‘s hero! I want my kids to cognize that I may non cognize it all, but I will ALWAYS at least effort to happen the replies to whatever it is that is blighting their heads. And if my program goes good, they will be the same manner and ever seek more cognition! ! The universe is our schoolroom! ! † ( Robbin, 2009 ) for case, it is really important to advert that, parents might non be in a place of supplying research labs while at place. Comparing this with in category suites, where kids get to larn face to confront with their teachers, who ion of supplying practical categories. This is because traditional schools do hold research labs. Making affairs more worse for kids larning at p lace by their parents, such kids might non continue to higher acquisition establishments unless they go to traditional categories. To add on that, parents might non be holding an outside occupation to back up their households. As a consequence, they might be busy looking for other agencies of supplying to their kids, therefore take really small clip in learning their kids. Some people have revealed that, every kid can merely have quality instruction from school other than at place by his or her parents, ( Lena, 2011 ) . The 3rd issue is that, research has place that, kids will non take waies given by their parents, when they are being taught by their parents. It is true that, most childs disobey their parents and oppose them excessively. Mangum said that â€Å" public school will fix these childs for the existent universe and college ; be able to besides hold socialisation. † ( Bart, 2009 ) Apart from filed trips, good ample socialisation clip, and existent universe readyings, childs will be provided with other good chances in traditional schools. At this cyberspace epoch, kids will merely listen and does their ain work, as an consequence, childs will disregard what their parents state them to make. To add on what had already been stated, kids will non be making their assignment. In contrary to this point of immorality and hearing, in traditional categories, it is obligatory for kids to follow what their teachers instruct them to make. And a consequence, childs will be making all assignments assigned to them by their teachers in school. Different surveies have hence concluded that, kids will larn faster through their teachers, as they will be good hearers and morally unsloped, ( Robbin, 2009 ) . Inclusion, based on assorted points that have been discussed in the chief organic structure, I agree with the point that, kids should ne'er be educated at place by Their Parents, it is much of import to direct kids to traditional schools for them to win in their lives.

Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. Biography

Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. Biography Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr., one of the first black astronauts, entered the corps in June 1967. He had a bright future ahead of him but never made it into space. He began his training and was putting his experience as a pilot and chemist to work as he also trained on  support aircraft. Several months after he began his astronaut training, Lawrence was a passenger on a training flight aboard an F104 Starfighter jet when it made a too-low approach and hit the ground. Lawrence died instantly during the December 8 mishap. It was a tragic loss to the country, and to his wife and young son. He was awarded a Purple Heart posthumously for his service to his country.   The Life and Times of Astronaut Lawrence Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. was born October 2, 1935, in Chicago. He received an undergraduate degree in chemistry from Bradley University in 1956 and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant into the U.S.  Air Force upon graduation at age 20. He took his flight training at Malden Air Force Base, and eventually ended up providing flight training. He logged more than 2,500 hours of flight time throughout his time in the Air Force and was instrumental in compiling flight maneuver data that was eventually used in the development of the space shuttles. Lawrence later earned a PhD. in physical chemistry in 1965 from Ohio State University. His interests ranged from nuclear chemistry to photochemistry, advanced inorganic chemistry, and thermodynamics. His instructors called him one of the most intelligent and hard-working students theyd ever seen. Once in the Air Force, Lawrence  distinguished himself as an exceptional test pilot and was among the first to be named to the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. That mission was a precursor to todays successful NASA space shuttle program. It was part of the manned spaceflight program the Air Force was developing. MOL was planned as an orbiting platform where astronauts could train and work for longer missions. The program was canceled in 1969 and declassified later on. Some of the astronauts assigned to MOL, such as Robert L. Crippen and Richard Truly, went on to join NASA and fly other missions. Although he applied twice to NASA and didnt make into the corps, after his experience with the MOL, Lawrence may well have made it in on a third try, had he not been killed in the flight accident in 1967. Memorial In 1997, thirty years after his  death, and after much lobbying by space historians and others, Lawrences name was the 17th added to the Astronauts Memorial Foundation Space Mirror. This memorial was dedicated in 1991 to honor all U.S. astronauts who lost their lives on space missions or in training for missions. Its located at the Astronauts Memorial Foundation at the Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral, Florida and is open to the public. The African-American  Members of the Astronaut Corps Dr. Lawrence was part of a vanguard of black Americans to join the space program. He came along early in the programs history and hoped to make a lasting contribution to the countrys space efforts. He was preceded by Ed Dwight, who selected as the first African-American astronaut in 1961. Unfortunately, he resigned due to government pressure.   The honor of being the first black  to actually fly in space was Guion Blufords. He flew four missions from 1983 to 1992. Others were Ronald McNair (killed in the space shuttle Challenger accident), Frederick D. Gregory, Charles F. Bolden, Jr. (who has served as NASA administrator), Mae Jemison (first African-American woman in space), Bernard Harris, Winston Scott, Robert Curbeam, Michael P. Anderson, Stephanie Wilson, Joan Higginbotham, B. Alvin Drew, Leland Melvin, and Robert Satcher.   Several others have served in the astronaut corps, but have not flown in space.   As the astronaut corps has grown, it has grown more diverse, including more women and astronauts with a wide range of ethnic backgrounds.

AS 100 Spring 2016 Midterm Study Guide Essays - Defense, Military

AS 100 Spring 2016 Midterm Study Guide Essays - Defense, Military AS 100 Spring 2016 Midterm Study Guide LESSON TITLE: AIR FORCE INSTALLATIONS Sample of Behavior : Identify the services and facilities available in the base community. Know the responsibilities of the following: Traffic Management Office (TMO) -Ships Household Goods -Do It Yourself Move (DITY): Will be compensated with an incentive payment of 95% of what it would have cost the government to move the household goods Public Affairs Office -Disseminates internal and public information and coordinates community relations Military Personnel Section -Responsible for all personnel actions that affect military members but can also provide several services to dependents of military members as well Army & Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) -Manages several retail stores Force Support Squadron -Maintains recreational facilities on-and-off base -loans sporting goods and recreational equipment - Provides other services for use by active duty, retirees, dependents of both, and accompanied guests BX - Provides merchandise and services at prices considerably lower than those for comparable products on civilian markets -Generates reasonable earning to support Service markets (SVS) Commis s ary -Provides means for the Air Force to feed its members Airmen & Family Readiness Center (AFRC) -Aids active duty, Guard, Reserve, and civilian personnel and their families in meeting personal problems. LESSON TITLE: LISTENING - THE NEGLECTED SKILL Sample of Behavior : Identify the differences between hearing and listening. Hearing: -Physical Act of receiving sound -Passive Process -No efforts Listening: -Selective Process -Active Process -Takes Work Sample of Behavior : Define effective listening and the five steps of the listening process. Effective Listening: Receiving, analyzing, and comprehending messages told to you. Five Steps: Receiving, Attending to, Understanding Evaluating, and Responding to LESSON TITLE: WAR & THE U.S. MILITARY Sample of Behavior : Define war A State of armed conflict between different nations or state or different groups within a nation or state Sample of Behavior : State the three enduring truths that describe the fundamental nature of war. An instrument of policy, strategy, or culture A complex and chaotic human endeavor A clash of opposing wills Sample of Behavior : Identify the four different viewpoints on war. Realism Holy War Pacifism Just War Theory Sample of Behavior : List the three factors that dominate war. Fog Friction Chance LESSON TITLE: AIR FORCE HERITAGE Sample of Behavior: Identify the state of American airpower upon entering WWI. Ranked 14th among airpowers of the world Sample of Behavior : List the critical events of the Combined Bomber Offensive. 14th October 1943: AFF launched two groups of B-17 to attack Schweinfurt, Germany Sample of Behavior : Identify a key technological advancement of the Korean War. The Korean War saw the first full introduction of the jet fighter by both participants

Example of a Bad Academic Dismissal Appeal Letter

Example of a Bad Academic Dismissal Appeal Letter If youve been dismissed from your college or university because of poor academic performance, its only natural to feel embarrassed, angry and defensive. You may feel like youve let down your parents, your professors, and yourself. Because a dismissal can be so humiliating, many students try to place the blame for the low grades on anyone but themselves. After all, if you view yourself as a good student, then those Ds and Fs cant be your fault. However, to make a successful academic dismissal appeal, you need to take a long hard look in the mirror. While many factors can contribute to academic failure, that person in the mirror is the one who got the low grades on those papers, exams, and lab reports. The person in the mirror is the one who didnt attend class or failed to turn in assignments. When Brett appealed his academic dismissal, he did not own up to his own blunders. His appeal letter is an example of what not to do. (see Emmas letter for an example of a well-written appeal) Brett's Academic Dismissal Appeal Letter To Whom It May Concern:I am writing because I would like to appeal my dismissal from Ivy University for poor academic performance. I know my grades were not good last semester, but there were a lot of circumstances that were not my fault. I would like to encourage you to reinstate me for next semester.I work really hard at my schoolwork, and I have since high school. My grades dont always reflect my hard work, though, and I sometimes get low grades on tests and essays. In my opinion, my math professor was not clear about what would be on the final, and did not give us notes to study from. His English is also really bad and made it hard to understand what he was saying. When I emailed him to ask what I made on the final, he did not reply for several days, and then just told me I should come by to pick up the exam without emailing me my grade. In my English class, I think the professor just did not like me and several of the guys in class; she made a lot of sarcastic jokes that were no t appropriate. When she told me to take my essays to the Writing Center, I did, but that just made them worse. I tried to revise them on my own, and I worked really hard, but she would never give me a higher grade. I dont think anybody made an A in that class.If I am allowed to come back to Ivy University next fall, I will work even harder and maybe get a tutor for the classes like Spanish that I was struggling with. Also, I will try to get more sleep. That was a big factor last semester  when I was tired all the time and sometimes nodded off in class, even though one reason I didnt get sleep was because of the amount of homework.I hope you will give me a second chance to graduate.Sincerely,Brett Undergrad Critique of Brett's Academic Dismissal Appeal Letter A  good appeal letter  shows that you understand what went wrong and that you are being honest with yourself and the appeals committee. If your appeal is to succeed, you must show that you take responsibility for your low grades. Bretts appeal letter fails on this front. His first paragraph sets the wrong tone when he states that many of the problems he encountered were not my fault. Immediately he sounds like a student who lacks the maturity and self-awareness to own up to his own shortcomings. A student who tries to place blame elsewhere is a student who is not learning and growing from his mistakes. The appeals committee will not be impressed. Working Hard? It gets worse. In the second paragraph, Bretts claim that he works really hard sounds hollow. How hard is he really working if he has just failed out of college for low grades? And if he is working hard but getting low grades, why hasnt he sought out help in assessing his learning difficulties? The rest of the paragraph actually suggests that Brett does  not  work hard. He says his math professor was not clear about what would be on the final and did not give us notes to study from. Brett seems to think he is still in grade school and he will be spoon fed information and told exactly what will be on his exams. Alas, Brett needs to wake up to college. It is Bretts job to take notes, not his professors job. It is Bretts job to figure out what information has received the most emphasis in class and is, therefore, most likely to be on exams. It is Bretts job to work hard outside of the classroom so that he has mastery over all of the material covered throughout the semester. But Brett is not done digging himself into a hole. His complaint about his instructors English sounds petty if not racist, and the comments about receiving his grade over email is irrelevant to the appeal and shows laziness and ignorance on Bretts part (because of privacy issues and FERPA laws, most professors will not give out grades over email). When Brett talks about his English class, he again looks to blame anyone but himself. He seems to think that taking a paper to the Writing Center will somehow magically transform his writing. He seems to think that a feeble effort at revision represents hard work deserving of a higher grade. When Brett complains that she would never give me a higher grade, he reveals that he thinks grades are given, not earned. It's Not the Professor's Job to Like You Bretts claim that the professor didnt like him and made inappropriate comments raises a couple of issues. Professors arent required to like students. Indeed, after reading Bretts letter, I dont like him very much. However, professors should not let their fondness or dislike of a student affect their evaluation of the students work. Also, what was the nature of the inappropriate comments? Many professors will make snide comments to students who are slacking off, not paying attention, or being disruptive in some way. However, if the comments were in some way racist, sexist or in any way discriminatory, then they are indeed inappropriate and should be reported to the professors Dean. In Bretts case, these vague accusations of inappropriate comments sound as if they belong in the former category, but this is an issue the appeals committee will want to investigate further. Weak Plans for Future Success Finally, Bretts plan for future success sounds weak. Maybe  get a tutor? Brett, you need a tutor. Get rid of the maybe and act. Also, Brett says that homework was one reason he didnt get enough sleep. What were the other reasons? Why was Brett always sleeping through class? How will he address the time management problems that have left him exhausted all the time? Brett provides no answers to these questions. In short, Brett has made a losing appeal in his letter. He doesnt seem to understand what went wrong, and he put more energy into blaming others than figuring out how to improve his academic performance. The letter provides no evidence that Brett will succeed in the future. If youd like Allen Groves help with your own appeal letter,  see his bio for details. More Tips on Academic Dismissals Jasons Appeal Letter and Critique: Jason was dismissed because of alcohol abuse. See how he appealed his dismissal, with feedback.10 Tips for an In-Person Appeal: You may be able to appeal in-person to the scholastic standards committee. See tips for making the best case.10 Questions You Might Be Asked When Appealing a Dismissal: Be prepared to answer these questions appropriately.

Carbon Tax. A&B Carboniferous Australian Company Essay

Carbon Tax. A&B Carboniferous Australian Company - Essay Example The campaign has a sole goal of letting the citizen embrace this newly introduced taxation in totality. There has been a lot of misinformation that has cropped up in response to the government’s attempt to implement this new taxation plan, the reason why this company is out to let the citizens understand pure intention of the government. This is where the importance of this company arises in view of creating an Integrated Market Communication (IMC) Plan. In real sense, Australian government is in a need to let the general public to understand gains entailed in the implementation of this new tax on carbon. In addition, there is a genuine cost that comes along in it, which is something that the government wishes the public to understand. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is released in our environment in various ways some of which include a natural way by plants in a definite carbon cycle. The other one is through our own activities which include burning of bushes, as well as smoke a nd soot arising from industries that individuals have established. As Kondrat’ev et al. (2003) observed and noted in their book, climate warming across the globe is as a result of growing carbon dioxide concentration. The reason behind this is endless emissions of fossil fuel burning in the atmosphere which ultimately contain adverse effects on human kind. So many scholars and researchers have come up in an attempt to estimate social cost of carbon. For instance, Bell (2011) has done a deep research and seen how recent technology is capable of reducing dangerous effects of carbon on human beings all over the world. She saw how different scholars have come up with integrated assessment models in their attempt to bring together knowledge in different disciplines just to show whether climate change policies bear any efficacy. This is the sole reason why my company is also out to let introduction of carbon tax in Australia, to inform the general public of its importance. Target A udience Segment Analysis In Australia, there are so many individuals that are targeted in order to let the information about carbon taxation circulate. For instance, it is a matter of fact that the entire people of great political diversity and different social backgrounds and understanding. In this case, carbon taxation is applicable to those citizens that are employed in various sectors by the government. In addition, individuals that are also employed by different nongovernmental organizations are also a target to this new taxation. The government will is not to hesitate in letting all the above targeted audience out in any way. There are still so many people that are neither employed by the government nor nongovernmental institutions. Most of them are self employed running their errands individually to earn a living. For instance, there are so many individuals who run their own business enterprises. This may be a small business enterprises (SMEs) or even bigger ones of which the y may be having many employees to run and manage this. Such like group is a good target and because introducing this new carbon taxation ultimately results in what is benefiting them, they should be able to embrace it with in totality. These are the business people that will for sure make the taxation a success in the long run. Using an approach related to integrated communication is significant and more as relevant to a desired audience as Shahaf (2009), Integrated Marketing Communication plan is still essential in ensuring that everybody who earns a salary, be it from the government or through individual means are reached out.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art history - Essay Example According to Hamilton, Richard Foster and Martin (35), pop art became so dominant and popular in London and New York in the mid 50s, the same time Richard made this painting. Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait (Northern Renaissance) on the other hand, is a proof of the coming and birth of contemporary fashion as suggested by the woman in the portrait who is holding high her brightly colored dress. â€Å"The Arnolfini is filled with complex symbolism and interesting details,† (Seidel and Linda 21). Evidently, Jan’s painting is a Flemish painting from the bright colors used as it is commonly associated with the renaissance, which usually means re-birth. Re-birth was started in Florence and Italy, the same place where the particular painting is based on. The painting was done in 1434 by Jan van Eyck as one of the pioneers of oil painting. In Italy there are a lot of details of wealth from the same place like the rare species of the dog present in the painting, the wealthy clothes and the gleaming brass chandelier on the wall. The ornate Latin signature on the wall near the clock also has some resemblance of the modern day graffiti, which proves more of the birth of contemporary culture. There are several differences between Richard’s painting, â€Å"just what is it that makes today’s homes so appealing?† and Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait in that, Richards painting is a true depiction of modern pop art with modern true day to day life among people like the free and liberal partnership between man and woman as depicted in the picture .Richard’s painting also narrows down the difference between fine and contemporary art while Jan’s painting depicts marriage, fidelity ,and wealth of the fourteenth century as mentioned by Bedaux and Ben( 43) These paintings are similar in style, in that they are bold, colorful interesting to look at and catchy. However, Richard’s

The history of the coastguard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12250 words

The history of the coastguard - Essay Example While there are hardly any who are not aware of the presence, aims and objectives of all of the army, the navy and the air force, only a handful of people have a similar awareness of the coastguard. Although some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Japan, define the coast guard as a division of the national military, its importance is generally underestimated (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). The popular understanding of the coast guard is that it acts as a vessel and life rescue service and, in some instances, to monitor fishing across the national coastlines and waters. This understanding barely touches upon the duties, responsibilities, aims, and objectives of both civilian and military coast guard services, nor does it even hint at the fact that the coast guard, in the first and last, is primarily responsible for coastal and port security. In other words, the responsibilities and functions of the coast guard directly tie in with national security (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). This research paper, which shall highlight the multiple functions of the coast guard services and illustrate, through an historical overview, the increasing importance of this institution, shall, hopefully, illustrate that insofar as coastal countries are concerned, the coast guard plays an invaluable and vital role; a role which directly contributes to increased national security. This project focused on the development of Kuwait coastguard and identifies requirements in the near future to improve Kuwait Coastguard. This project was carried out at the University of Plymouth in United Kingdom by using the tutor assistances, Kuwait coastguard assistances and the simulator in the University of Plymouth. 1 Introduction While there are hardly any who are not aware of the presence, aims and objectives of all of the army, the navy and the air force, only a handful of people have a similar awareness of the coastguard. Although some countries, such as the United States, Canada and Japan, define the coast guard as a division of the national military, its importance is generally underestimated (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). Popular understanding of the coast guard is that it acts as a vessel and life rescue service and, in some instances, to monitor fishing across the national coastlines and waters. This understanding barely touches upon the duties, responsibilities, aims and objectives of both civilian and military coast guard services, nor does it even hint at the fact that the coast guard, in the first and last, is primarily responsible for coastal and port security. In other words, the responsibilities and functions of the coast guard directly tie in with national security (LaGuardia-Kotite and R idge, 2006). This research paper, which shall highlight the multiple functions of the coast guard services and illustrate, through an historical overview, the increasing importance of this institution, shall, hopefully, illustrate that insofar as coastal countries are concerned, the coast guard plays an invaluable and vital role; a role which directly contributes to increased national security. This project focused on development of Kuwait coastguard and identifies requirements in the near future to improve Kuwait Coastguard. There are things need to be improved in Kuwait coastguard such as increasing number of patrol boats, where should these patrol boats operating and things require in the near future

French colonialism in Tunisia why did the french want to colonize Research Paper

French colonialism in Tunisia why did the french want to colonize Tunisia - Research Paper Example After the exit of the Ottoman Turks from Tunisia, major European powers were involved in a contest as to who would occupy the North African country. The French had to surpass two other European powers, in order for the former to establish its control over Tunisia. Both the British, Italians lost to the French in the occupation and gradual colonization of Tunisia. Accordingly, this essay will seek to establish the factors that led to the French occupation and colonization of Tunisia. Among the possible reasons for the French interest in Tunisia could be economic gain. At the time France was colonizing Tunisia, the latter was in a serious financial predicament, owing to numerous European debts2. Did France stand to gain economically by colonizing a financially weak country? On the other hand, Algeria, already a French protectorate and its proximity to Tunisia was of significance to the French colonists3. We shall also consider that maybe the French wanted to colonize Tunisia so as to i mpose French culture on the Muslim-dominated country. A final factor that could have motivated France to colonize Tunisia would be the need for the former to re-establish itself as a key power in global politics. The only way for France to achieve this imperialism would be through amassing as many colonies as possible. The topic on the French colonization of Tunisia is very intriguing. This is based on the fact that Tunisia is a country that borders the Sahara desert, the largest dessert in the world4. The leaves one wondering what could be so appealing about Tunisia, in order for it to be a centre of interest for three European powers. Particularly, why would France, a country recovering from major losses in Europe such its crush in the Franco-Prussian war want to colonize a country in economic crisis? France was willing to forego its interests in Cyprus to the British, in exchange

Information Systems Concepts Info331 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information Systems Concepts Info331 - Assignment Example On the other hand, the website http://products.office.com/en-us/word defines Microsoft word application as a program that helps computer users to write. As such, a computer based information system can be defines as a network of either software or hardware that manipulates a wide range of information and data by collecting, filtering and processing it so that it makes sense to the end user. An application can be defines as a program that enables computer users perform their daily tasks on the computer such as typing, organization or data, publishing among other tasks. An application is embedded inside the system software which implies that an application requires information system in order to run (Shelly, Cashman & Vermaat, 2000). The information system I use in my work and in your day-to-day life is office information system. This is because it facilitates easy progress of my work flow through program such as Microsoft office word, excel, spreadsheet and publisher. Some of the characteristics of office information system is increased efficiency, reliability and the ability to support a wide variety of office activities such as work processing, web browsers, presentation graphics, databases and

Race, Empire and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race, Empire and Education - Essay Example century, confusion marred the classification of races where the Jews, Irish, and the Italians were considered as â€Å"black.† During the mid-nineteenth century, there was a lot of activity that saw the European nations move out of their continent to explore other regions. This was so intense that they had to compete amongst themselves. Slave trade gained roots due to the need for labor for the industries and farms during the industrial revolution. This made it possible for the Europeans to capitalize on the uncivilized races. In addition, there was a view of superiority among the Europeans who considered other races especially Africans as inferior and primitive. The mid nineteenth century being at the peak of the industrial revolution became the turning point in racial attitudes. Racial differences became explosive at the mid years of nineteenth century and were catalyzed by development of theories on racism. There are a number of theories that emerged that were used to explain various aspects of human variations. One of these differences was established to be the innate racial characteristics of individuals. In his work, published in 1850, Robert Knox points out that â€Å"race is everything: literature, science, art, in a word, civilization depends on it.† (Knox 1850, pg 7). With such a view, it is evident that there was a perception that the most important thing that determined the person’s worth was the race from which a person comes from. This theory further provided various conflicting propositions, for example, it establishes that the different races are different species. The mindset created among the whites created an impression of uniqueness superiority and intelligent. Another theory is that put forth by Count Arthur de Gobineau, a F renchman who composed an essay entitled â€Å"Essay on the Inequality of Human Races.† In this piece of work, Arthur amplifies the concept of race as one of the most important aspects that a person can be categorized, he

Information Systems Concepts Info331 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information Systems Concepts Info331 - Assignment Example On the other hand, the website http://products.office.com/en-us/word defines Microsoft word application as a program that helps computer users to write. As such, a computer based information system can be defines as a network of either software or hardware that manipulates a wide range of information and data by collecting, filtering and processing it so that it makes sense to the end user. An application can be defines as a program that enables computer users perform their daily tasks on the computer such as typing, organization or data, publishing among other tasks. An application is embedded inside the system software which implies that an application requires information system in order to run (Shelly, Cashman & Vermaat, 2000). The information system I use in my work and in your day-to-day life is office information system. This is because it facilitates easy progress of my work flow through program such as Microsoft office word, excel, spreadsheet and publisher. Some of the characteristics of office information system is increased efficiency, reliability and the ability to support a wide variety of office activities such as work processing, web browsers, presentation graphics, databases and

Innovation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Innovation - Term Paper Example In the global societies, the organization needs to be rebuild in order to navigate themselves out from the economic and social morass and it is through innovations that an organization can get there, but the organization and leaders are usually focused on status quo. An innovative organization creates people, process and philosophies to create, support and nurture innovation (Sorenson, 2011). This project would deal with the innovation strategy adopted by Vodafone, Vodafone group Plc is the world’s largest mobile telecommunications, with its presence in Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East and the United States. Current Business Situation The company current strategy titled, a stronger Vodafone to a more valuable Vodafone comprised of four main components. They are, to focus mainly on the new areas of growth like by entering into emerging markets, introducing new service and many more. Next to deliver value and efficiency by driving off cost effectiveness and operational effectiv eness, thirdly, to generate liquidity and lastly apply the capital for the investment of the company (Vodafone Group Plc, 2011, p.3). The company, Vodafone primarily focused mainly on its expansion strategy in the emerging countries where there is a potential growth. The enterprise customers of Vodafone range from small-office-home office business to small to medium sized enterprises. The company has 34 million customers as enterprises comprising of 9% and about 23% of service revenue. In 2010 Vodafone acquired Quickcomm and TnT Expense management. This acquisition has strengthened the ability of the company to provide the enterprise customers with a greater visibility and control. As an innovation strategy, Vodafone has been working with its partner Novartis on a health project (Vodafone, 2011). Strength Vodafone is one of the largest mobile phone operators by terms of revenue had planned to focus more on the high growth strategy in India and as time Vodafone has been able to do it by introducing more low cost handsets, wireless connectivity and finally being a good corporate citizen and is India’s fourth largest mobile operator (Lall, 2007). Vodafone’s one of the successful strategy was the introduction of ZooZoo in the year 2009, the new brand ambassadors of Vodafone. This character was successful in repositioning the brand. The Indian Premier League 2 (IPL2) was chosen as the platform for Vodafone to launch their advertisements made on ZooZoo, which proved to a great marketing strategy for Vodafone. With the success of the ZooZoo character the company has launched many ZooZoo goodies such as Zoozoo mugs, toys, t-shirts, key chains and many more. This step was seen as one of the major step taken by the company in the form of innovation. Vodafone is the only company which has come up with such a concept of ZooZoo and has proved to be essential in attracting the customers. Weakness A major weakness of Vodafone was reported to be the network cove rage. It did not have a widely accepted coverage and the customers often complained about the network and also customer service. The company did not invest much in the R&D which led to the dissatisfaction of the customers. Opportunity The current market situation of the company is showing a steady rise not only in India but also in UK. Vodafone profits have rose as about 9.4 million new customers have joined up Vodafone. It

Drew Sterling to replace Josh Newly In upcoming concerts Essay Example for Free

Drew Sterling to replace Josh Newly In upcoming concerts Essay The City Symphony will be showcasing the upcoming talents of Drew Sterling in the next two concerts. Mr. Sterling replaces the internationally renowned singer, Josh Newly. While Mr. Newly’s talents have been greatly appreciated in past concerts, the City Symphony has decided to utilize this opportunity to allow Drew Sterling to shine in both concerts as the baritone soloist. Mr. Newly has graced many orchestras around-the-world with his genuine gift as a soloist. Consequently, his talents are both known and respected internationally. Thus, it is understandable that Josh Newly is a very popular artist who is able to sell out concerts. Sadly, Mr. Newly will not be able to perform at this year’s concerts due to prior engagements. The City Symphony wishes that the media respects its desires to not discuss this topic. If Mr. Newly desires to address the media concerning this matter, then he will do so in his own time. On another note, we are happy to announce Mr. Drew Sterling as the baritone soloist. We feel that Mr. Sterling has earned the opportunity to shine in the spotlight. The City Symphony further believes that Mr. Sterling is a fresh and upcoming talent that will have fans on the edge of their seats. In addition, Mr. Sterling is a professional who has given the City Symphony the privilege of showcasing his talent in the next two concerts. Thus, Mr. Sterling will be available for questions and answers (QA) on Friday morning. We are hoping that you can feature this Press Release in your afternoon column as it requires the most urgent attention.

Definition Of Fact Finding Techniques Information Technology Essay

Definition Of Fact Finding Techniques Information Technology Essay Introduction Requirement analysis can be said to identify investigation, documenting and analysing requirements of the system. The first investigation step of the need of a system is a major activity of problem analysis. This is the role of a system analyst to determine the actual requirement of a system. Sometimes, system analyst may make mistake in discovering the requirements and in trying to analyse a problem. As a result, they may come up with the wrong solution in designing and implementation of a solution. And the solution will not be able to solve the real problem and even cause a new problem in later system analysis process. Therefore, this paper looks at one of the effective methods (fact-finding) for system analyst to help them in gathering information. Definition of Fact-finding Techniques Fact finding is process of collection of data and information based on techniques which contain sampling of existing documents, research, observation, questionnaires, interviews, prototyping and joint requirements planning. System analyst uses suitable fact-finding techniques to develop and implement the current existing system. Collecting required facts are very important to apply tools in System Development Life Cycle because tools cannot be used efficiently and effectively without proper extracting from facts. Fact-finding techniques are used in the early stage of System Development Life Cycle including system analysis phase, design and post implementation review. Facts included in any information system can be tested based on three steps: data- facts used to create useful information, process- functions to perform the objectives and interface- designs to interact with users. Fact-finding techniques There are seven common fact-finding techniques Sampling of existing documentation, forms and databases Research and Site visits Observation of the work environment Questionnaires Interviews Prototyping Joint requirements planning Sampling of existing documentation, forms and databases The best way to analyse the existing system is to collect facts from existing documentation rather than from human sources. There are various kinds of documents to collect facts from existing documents. These include: e-mails, customer complaints, suggestion box notes and reports that document the problem area problem performance reviews, samples of completed manual forms and reports and samples of completed computerized forms and reports various types of flowcharts and diagrams, program documentation and user training manuals System analyst uses sampling techniques in order to organize the above documentation. Sampling technique is the process of combing a representative sample of documents, form and records (Bentley, Whitten, 2007). According to these authors there are two commonly used sampling techniques namely randomization and stratification. Randomization is the process of selecting sample data randomly. Stratification is the systematic process to deduct the variance of sampling data. We can have better understanding of the system due to the analysis of existing documents, forms, files related to the current system. Research and Site visits Research and site visits, second technique, is the process of examining the problems which had previously solved by other sources that can be either human or documents. To solve the requirements of problem, the analyst visits to other organization that had previously experienced for similar problems. In addition, the analyst can also find the information from database, reference books, case studies and Internet. Advantages of Research and Site visits It can save the time if the problem is already solved. Researcher can know how different person previously solved the same problems. Researchers always know the details information about the current development system. Disadvantages of Research and Site visits Need authority to access the appropriate source of information. As documentation of problem is not recorded, there is difficult to solve the problem. Observation of the work environment Another fact finding technique is observation. In this technique, system analyst participates in the organization, studies the flow of documents, applies the existing system, and interacts with the users. Observation can be a useful technique when the system analyst have user point of view. Sampling technique called work sampling is useful for observation. By using this technique, system analyst can know how employees spend their days. Questionnaires Questionnaires are also one of useful fact-finding technique to collect information from large number of users. Users fill up the questions which are given by the system analyst and then give the answers back to the system analyst. Questionnaires can save time because system analyst does not need to interview each of users and if the time of interview is short, questionnaires are more useful. To fulfil the requirements of the system objective, system analyst should have the ability to clearly define the design and frame of questionnaires. There are two types of questionnaires: Free-format questionnaires In free-format questionnaires, users are allowed to answer questions freely without immediate response. The results are also useful in learning about feelings, opinions, and experiences of the respondents. Fixed-format questionnaires The purpose of fixed-format questionnaires is to gather information from predefined format of questions. Users are allowed to choose the result from the given answers. There are three types of fixed-format questions: multiple-choice questions (Yes or No type), rating questions (Strongly agree, Agree, No opinion, Disagree, Strongly disagree), ranking questions (numbering according to the preferences). Advantages of Questionnaires People can fill the forms and give answers freely to the analyst. This technique is inexpensive. Users are more willing to response real answer as they do not need to give their personal information. Responses can be calculated and analysed quickly. Disadvantages of Questionnaires Incomplete answers will be received from users. Analyst cannot observe the body language of user responses. Analyst has no chance to define vague or incomplete responses. Good questionnaires are difficult to prepare. Interviews Interview is the most commonly used technique to collect information from the face-to-face interviews. The purpose of interview is to find, verify, clarify facts, motivate end-users involved, identify requirements and gather ideas and opinions. The role of interview includes interviewer who is system analyst and interviewee who are system owner or user. Interviewing technique needs good communication skills for interaction between system analyst and user. There are two types of interviews. Unstructured interviews An interview that is conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind and with few, if any, specific questions (Bentley, Whitten, 2007). Open-ended questions type is used in unstructured interview that allows user to answer freely in an appropriate way. Structured interviews Structured interview is an interview which contains predefined set of questions. In structured interview, close-ended questions type is used to limit answers to specify choices, short and direct responses from the interviewees. Advantages of Interviews By motivating interviewees, they have confident to answer the questions more effectively. System analyst can examine the more feedbacks from the interviewees. System analyst can prepare questions for interviewees to be more suitable or change the questions for every individual. System analyst can know the nonverbal communications of interviewees by perceiving the body movements and facial expression. Disadvantages of Interviews Interviewing is time consuming and costly mechanism in fact-finding technique. Moreover, the communication skills of the system analyst affect the success of interview. Prototyping Another fact-finding technique is known as prototyping which collects the requirement facts of the system. Prototyping is sampling a small working model and it is more related to pre-design of the information system. The implementation of prototyping can be developed in earlier stage of system development life cycle when analyzing the facts. The process of prototyping facts in order to specify the userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements is also known as discovery prototyping. Advantages of Prototyping Users and developers are able to test and understand the system in advance before final implementation. It also can make and determine development of the system before applying high development costs in the information system. In addition, it is a kind of training mechanism. Prototyping require less time on fact-finding and it is useful in defining the constant and consistent requirements. Disadvantages of Prototyping Training of developers is a requirement in prototyping. Sometimes users can misunderstand the performance, reliability and features of prototype as real results. Therefore, users need to train to know that prototype only covers system functionality and it is not a complete system. Development cost and schedule may change in prototyping. Joint requirements planning JRP is the structured group work meeting to identify, analyze problems and define the requirements of system. JRP is becoming increasingly common in systems planning and systems analysis to obtain group consensus on problems, objectives and requirements (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). JRP can tabulate the facts efficiently in a short time and it can also replace in the place of numerous and separate interviews. JRP contains different participants with each specialized roles to perform structured meeting. JRP participants include sponsor, facilitator, users and managers, scribes and IT staff. Sponsor is an individual in top management, who has full authority to decide who will be participants, time and location of JRP session. The role of facilitator is to lead JRP session, motivate participants, solve conflicts and meet the requirements of meeting during the JRP session. Users in JRP session are responsible for rules and requirement of business, prototype, and satisfactory decisions. An d Managers are responsible for projects, schedules and costs and training requirements. Scribes job is to record everything discussed in the meeting. IT staff responsible for models and documentation concerning with facts during the discussion. Advantages of JRP JRP is formed different individuals with various roles and covers both in users and in management levels. JRP saves time to develop systems as it is not required one-on-one interviewing of each participant within the organization. When JRP incorporates prototyping as a means for confirming requirements and obtaining design approvals, the benefits of prototyping are realized (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). Disadvantages of JRP Extensive training is required for JRP as it is a group form. Active participation of all individuals will results the solution of JRP sessions. Using Questionnaires in Usage of Automated Teller Machine In our paper we applied Questionnaires technique for problems that are found in Usage of Automated Teller Machine. The following questionnaire is designed for usage of Bank Automatic Teller Machine. We planned two parts for our questionnaire: first part is collecting the demographic characteristics of users and second part is collecting the user feed backs according to our questions. Section A 1. Gender: Male Female 2. Age: 15-20 21-40 41-50 Above 3. Occupation: Student Civil Servant Business Others 4. Types of account: Savings Current Others Section B No. Questions for Usage of Automatic Teller Machine Yes No 1 Do you use Automatic Teller Machine for your banking Transaction? 2 Can you operate ATM with ease? 3 Did Automatic Teller Machine enable you perform transaction for 24 hours? 4 Can you access Automatic Teller Machine at any location? 5 Are you aware of settlement of utility bills through ATM? 6 Are you aware of making fund transfer through ATM? 7 Are you comfortable with ATM Usage for Banking Transaction? 8 Is Automatic Teller Machine transaction charges Affordable? 9 Is Automatic Teller Machine Network reliable? 10 Did your Automatic Teller Machine card ever get trap during Transaction? 11 Did ATM ever debit your account without issuing out physical cash? 12 Is your complaint attended to promptly? Conclusion In this paper we discussed about the seven fact-finding techniques based on studying our text book and some articles. During our assignment, we become to understand that if the system analyst knows details of fact-finding techniques, they can get knowledge of gathering the required information to develop the current system.

Euthanasia Essay: The Correct Choice for Many -- Euthanasia Physician

Euthanasia - The Correct Choice for Many    Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are words to live by despite any obstacles that any person might endure. A person should live in a constant understanding that life will always have struggles, but one should feel as though their life is worth living. A person has the right to believe that life should always be composed of the capability to be spiritual, physical, emotional, and to be a social being all at the same time, therefore the quality of life is far more valuable than the length of time under any circumstances. Euthanasia is acceptable under the impression that a person will never again, and does not have the ability to live a quality of life. A life filled with quality means a different thing for each individual. For some people as long as they are able to make money, live in a great house, are able to walk, talk, see, and hear, their life is filled with everything they need to live richly. For others, as long as they can be free, be happy and function with a little help from technology (such as pills, or an artificial limb), they are living life that incorporates high quality into their life. For example, Robert Powell, who has permanent paraplegia once said Physician-assisted suicide is contrary to the concept of equality for everyone. Very often the group most targeted by physician-assisted suicide is the disabled community because the "quality of life" of its members is deemed to be "poor" by people outside the community. Robert once said, As a disabled person, I enjoy life just as much as anybody else does. I can do things that just about anybody else can do. It is a matter of [how you] perceive "quality of life." You ask one person about his definiti... ...rdin, Joseph C. A Moral Vision For America. Ed. John P. Langan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. Higginson, Richard. Dilemmas: A Christian Approach To Moral Decision Making. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox Press, 1988. Hilton, Bruce. First Do Not Harm: Wrestling With The New Medicine's Life And Death Dilemmas. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1991. O'Rourke, Kevin D., and Dennis Brodeur, PhD. Medical Ethics: Common Ground For Understanding. St. Louis: The Catholic Health Association Of The United States, 1986. Rogers, John, ed. Medical Ethics, Human Choices: A Christian Perspective. Scottdale: Herald Press,1988. author unknown. "It"s OK- isn't it?". Euthanasia: killing the dying. 30 Nov. 1999. http://www.euthanasia.com/case3.html author unknown. "Euthanasia Facts." Euthanasia.com. 5 Jun. 1996. http://www.iaetf.org/mm.html

Eating Disorder Research Paper Essay

Media and society are often looked at as a source of daily entertainment, gossip and news. Every day, people are constantly exposed to thousands of images of glamour, beauty, celebrities, and much more. The media is so compelling that it has the power to change what people believe in. The images that are shown repeatedly make a way into teenagers mind and they want to be a part of what the media shows. Teens feel the need to change their body to look a certain way and be like someone else. But a fact unknown to teenagers is that even celebrities’ body are not perfect. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. People with anorexia have a huge fear of gaining weight and a change in their body shape and size (â€Å"Eating Disorders†). Anorexia has been characterized as a â€Å"rich white girl† disorder because most anorectics are white and about three-quarters of them come from households at the middle income level or above (Davidson and Fundukian). Bulimia on the other hand is when a person eats large amount of food over a short period of time then later performs activities to try to burn the calories off. Binging is the most common symptom of bulimia and it is often done when trying to get rid of the food eaten. Bulimia is thought to affect around 1% to 5% of teenage American girls and up to 3% will be bulimic at some point in their life (Arnold and Walsh 30). Studies show that â€Å"media exposure has a direct impact on disorder symptoms and indirect effects through gender role endorsement, ideal-body stereotype internalization and body satisfaction. † The covers of magazines display pictures of both men and women whose images are offered as near perfection in society. â€Å"Research has shown that even brief exposure to ads showing highly attractive models results in decreased satisfaction with one’s own appearance† (McMurray). Teenagers should know that celebrities are not magically beautiful and thin, they are made to look that way. â€Å"Today’s culture is unique in that the media is a far more powerful presence than ever before† (Derenne and Bersin). The media has been named as a causative factor for body dissatisfaction, which promotes unrealistic standards of female beauty and show images that create and reinforce cultural definitions of attractiveness. (Qtd. in Wexler). The media opens the door of eating disorders to teenagers and brainwashes them into thinking that being thin is important and necessary. The media needs to be very careful in the messages that they give to teenagers regarding body image. Dr. Bond says how â€Å"the media should be more responsible in not publishing pictures of very thin models and celebrities because young people wish to emulate them. Eating disorders are not going away, if anything they are becoming more common (Thinspiration? ). Advertisements everywhere continually expose the notion that losing weight will make people happier. Advertisements that show thin celebrities reach out to individuals telling them what they can be or become if they were thin. By looking at these advertisements, women start to feel insecure about the way they look. The NEDA reports that â€Å"women’s magazines contained 10. 5 times more advertisements and articles promoting diet and weight loss then were found in men’s magazines. It also reports that a study of 4,294 network television commercials revealed that one out of every 3. 8 commercials conveyed some sort of attractiveness message of what is or is not attractive† (Qtd. In Wexler). Many women frequently compare their bodies to those around them and the body images on advertisements lowers their self-esteem. The advertisements of celebrities affects the stereotypical idea of an ideal body which leads to eating disorders (Stice et al 5). Online, there are websites that promote anorexia. Teens with anorexia can then put up pictures of their skinny bodies for other anorectics to see and feel encouraged by. They feature pictures of celebrities such Keira Knightley and Victoria Beckham that promote 400-500 calories a day diet. In a year alone more than 500,000 people visited the sites and a 2011 EU survey found more than one in five six-to 11-year olds had been exposed to one or more sites with these â€Å"harmful content† (Thinspiration? . Teens who are anorexic feel that having an eating disorder is not a bad thing. They look upon each other for support, telling each other secrets of losing weight. The quote â€Å"Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels† by Kate Moss is popular among these pro-anorexia websites (Wardrop). TV shows also send the message to be thin to whoever watches them. Disney Channel, which attracts millions of viewers, especially the young, made fun of eating disorder and actually promoted the idea of being thin. In the show Shake It Up, someone stated â€Å"I could just eat you guys up, you know, if I ate† (â€Å"Party It Up†). In another Disney show, So Random, a conversation goes on where one character tells another â€Å"Angus only eats one full meal a day† to which Angus replies â€Å"My agent’s always on me about looking my best (â€Å"Colbie Caillat†). Disney thinks about eating disorders as a joke which is not dangerous. For many kids, the people on Disney are their role models, and if kids see their role models not eating, they are going to think that it is okay to not eat. Also if Disney encourages the idea of not eating that kids will do the same thing. Demi Lovato who battled an eating disorder attacked Disney about these risky messages that they send to kids. Experts say that Lovato opened the Pandora’s Box about the dangerous effects television shows can have on the negative body image of young women (â€Å"Disney Pop Star†). Even in other TV shows, the overweight characters are most likely portrayed as lazy and the one with no friends, while thin characters are successful and popular. This also sends a message that in order to be successful in life a person has to be thin. Teenagers feel pressured into looking the way society wants them to look like. Everywhere they go, they see posters of celebrities enhanced to look â€Å"perfect. Society thinks that if someone does not look a certain way then it is not acceptable and that they should change how their body looks. From a young age, women are given the message that in order to be happy, they must be thin. Thousands of teenage girl starve themselves to attain what the fashion industry considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure (Thompson). Society has become obsessive and prejudiced when it comes to body image. Society and media work together to get that one message across to teens today; to be thin. New diets come out every month and media spends money trying to advertise them and get celebrity endorsements. In stores, the front pages of magazines show that one celebrity that everyone looks up too. How they talk about that one diet that â€Å"changed their life† and made them â€Å"happy† again. Teens think that if these celebrities can be skinny, then why can’t they? Teens spend their times looking at websites and magazines that tell them how to be skinny. By constantly portraying â€Å"perfect† bodies in the media, it promotes unhealthy eating that can sometimes lead to death (â€Å"Disney Pop Star†). Even today, dolls like Barbie send that message to young girl to be thin. The Barbie doll is a stereotype of a woman with no flaws and a perfect body who gets to be whatever she wants. Girls who play with Barbie feel the need to look and act like her. The traditional Barbie is known for her 40-18-32 measurements (Young) which would be unproportional on human bodies (Grey). If Barbie were real, she would be 5’9†³ tall and weigh 110 pounds, about 35 pounds below the minimum healthy weight for a woman of that size (McMurray). Barbie helps to perpetuate an ideal of materialism, beauty, and being thin is happiness and since a young age, the desire to be thin is recognized by girls everywhere. But eating disorders doesn’t just affect women, it affects men also. In a study by Harvard researchers, 25% of 3,000 adults had anorexia or bulimia and 40% of binge eaters were men (Boodman). Just like women, men also feel pressured into looking a certain way. In school, boys are told to be healthy if they want to keep playing a sport. But that habit can become something more dangerous. â€Å"Studies show that gay males particularly place a higher calculation on thinness than heterosexual males, with a level of concern for thinness almost equal to that of the typical heterosexual female† (Anderson, Cohn, and Holbrook 41). Because of this many men might be afraid about coming out to the world about their eating disorder. Some people think of an eating disorder as more of a woman thing and â€Å"psychological tests for eating disorders are biased towards diagnosing women† (Anderson, Cohn, and Holbrook 41). Eating disorders are also common in the entertainment business. Celebrities and models are also under pressure to look their best. The average model weighs 23% less than the average woman and fit the category of being anorexic (Thompson). Models go through plastic surgery and photos are air-brushed before going to print. The body type and images are unobtainable to the average individual and the constant force of these images on society makes teens believe that they should be. Many celebrities and models who feel that an eating disorder is something more dangerous than what everyone else seems have come out and talked about that issues. Even celebrities who once had an eating disorder spend time educating others and telling them that it is okay to get help. In 1992 after the news about Princess Diana being bulimic was released, there was a significant increase in the number of bulimia diagnoses. This effect then came known as the â€Å"Diana Effect† (Celebrities Who Battled Eating Disorders). Just like how Lucy Grealy states in her memoir Autobiography of a Face, â€Å"Beauty, as defined by society at large, seemed to be only about who was best at looking like everyone else† (187) it looks like that concept has not changed since that time. In today’s society everything is about being thin and trying to look like a model or a celebrity. Teenagers try to do everything to make themselves how society wants it but in the end they just destroy themselves. Society and media think of an eating disorder as a joke but it is a disease; a disease that has the power to take the lives of both women and men. For anybody out there who thinks that an eating disorder is not a big deal then they are wrong. People, especially the media, should know that the message they send out to teens is wrong; everything is not just about being thin. Simply by the media bringing out the concept that being beautiful and thin is necessary for a successful life is wrong. Having to look like a model to be accepted in society is wrong. All these messages have a huge negative effect on teenagers and they think down of themselves just because they do not think they are â€Å"right† for society. The fake advertisements that are shown is just another step for teens to developing a dangerous and deadly addiction that is called an eating disorder. â€Å"I think we look at society and we look at every ad that out there and everything that tells us how we’re supposed to look, and how we’re supposed to live, and how we’re supposed to be instead of saying ‘Is that how really I feel? ’, ‘Is that really what I want to do? ’, and ‘Is that really how I want to live? ’† (Ellen DeGeneres).

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People

INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that young people are most often the healthiest group of people in the population (Emmelkamp, and Vedel, 2006), there is concern about the extent to which this group engages in risk-taking behaviours, including the consumption of drugs and alcohol and the abuse of these substances. Such activities expose them to problems ranging from the individual health level to the costs incurred during rehabilitation (Berglund, Thelander & Jonsson, 2003). Rehabilitation needs often include mental health and psychiatric solutions due to the mental health and social problems caused by drinking and the consumption of illegal drugs. In the UK, the use of psychoactive substances has become a major activity among the youth population. For example, it has been shown that 50% of young people in the age bracket 16-24 years have used an illicit drug on at least one occasion in their lives. This project also exposed that the most commonly used drug is cannabis which is used by 40% of youths aged 16-19 years and a shocking 47% of 20-24 year olds. Amphetamine then follows which is used by 18-14% of the above age groups. Between 2011 and 2012, 20,688 young people accessed substance misuse services, with the majority of this number accessing services for abuse of cannabis (64%) or alcohol (29%) (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Over half of the users were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged under 16 (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). About two thirds (64%) of the young people who accessed specialist substance misuse services in 2010-11 were male. Overall, females accessing subst ance misuse services for young people are younger with 19% of males aged under 15 years compared to 27% of females. Almost half of the young people entering specialist substance misuse services are recorded as being in mainstream education, such as schools and further education colleges, followed by a further 19% in alternative education, such as schooling delivered in a pupil referral unit or home setting. A further 19% are recorded as not in education or employment. However, it should be noted that education and employment status was reported for only new young people entering specialist services during the year. Therefore, the total will be lower than that of all young people (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Referrals to drug and alcohol treatment services commonly come from youth offending teams, although around 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% are made up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAHMS) make up only 3% of referrals (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, more young people are referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that substance abuse could be far rifer amongst young people as might be expected. It could be argued that failure of school authorities to take a more effective preventative approach to drug and alcohol abuse may be contributing to the overall problem. These figures also suggest that immediate attention and intervention must be offered to young people to reduce negative outcomes associated with such high drug use. The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and substance abuse among young people in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of illicit drugs and substances has an effect on health, educational and political discussions in the UK. The government’s national strategy for ten years on drug misuse views young people as a critical priority group in need of quick prevention and treatment intervention (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the need to improve our understanding of the role played by illicit drugs and substances in the lives of such young people. Educators, health practitioners and policy makers should have comprehensive understanding when it comes to discussions involving the abuse of illicit drugs. For example, the Government must take into account factors such as a lack of understanding amongst young people as to the laws that govern different classes of illegal drugs. Abuse of alcohol and other drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional development in young people and exposes them to an increased possibility of accidental injury or even death. Finally, there is also a risk of users becoming drug dependent. Abuse of drugs and alcohol by young people can also lead to such negative consequences as coronary heart diseases, lung cancer, AIDS, violent crime, child abuse and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson & Osgood, 2002). As a result, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and other drugs incur tremendous costs in their individual lives, their family lives and even their future careers. Society is also not exempt as it pays a price in different ways. For instance, society incurs extra costs in health care, drug and alcohol treatment, law enforcement and supporting the seriously affected families who have been rendered helpless by the situation. There are many reasons why young people become involved in substance abuse. From a sociology perspective it has been argued that the recreational abuse of drugs has become ‘normalised’ (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among certain groups of young people. However, Shiner and Newburn (1997) have argued that this theory is reductionist and simplifies the reasons behind a young person’s choice to abuse drugs. In reality, the reasons as to why a young person may begin to abuse drugs can range from having poor adult role models who may also use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward poor self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 2002). Evidence shows that adolescent alcohol and drug abuse is not influenced by a single factor but a large number of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single part of the an adolescent’s world (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001). Environment The environment in which a person lives is very instrumental when it comes to the kind of life that people lead, especially young people. If the environment is for example characterized by pronounced unemployment then young people in such an environment will indulge in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment young people face the situation of a large supply of drugs and everyone around them is abusing drugs or alcohol, then it is easy for such young people to adopt this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug abusers. The above explanation shows that the kind of environment a young person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally adopted by this group of young people. Curiosity Young people naturally have the tendency to try new things and to find out how it feels doing something new. Young people in the United Kingdom are not an exception and most of them usually try drinking and drugs just to explore and find out what the experience is like. This however results in the young people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008). The Defence Mechanism A good number of young people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing trauma that may result from unsatisfactory relationships and also physical or emotional abuse that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness. Promotion and Availability There is always a great amount of pressure from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The colourful nature of these promotions is often very enticing and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the young people are influenced to indulge and as a result end up facing the dire consequences. This review will analyse the different interventions utilised when working with young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by mental health workers, religion-orientated interventions, community based interventions and more psychiatric, medication based interventions. Motivational based interventions are also discussed. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project will be to review and critically evaluate the literature regarding different interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To achieve this aim the project has set the following objectives: To critically examine the interventions for young people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recommendations to improve the care given to the youths who are addicted or at risk of substance abuse. To use secondary data to identify the importance of different interventions in dealing with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. Rationale Interventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the often complex and varied needs of young people with substance abuse issues, such as mental health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social exclusion (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and involvement with the criminal justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012; Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is often disagreement on where the intervention should focus primarily. Various strategies have been advanced to address the involvement of young adults in drugs and substance abuse. For example, medication by mental health nurses in cases of addiction (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the variety of interventions available for treating young people with substance abuse disorder, it is important to continuously review the literature in this area and pin point the most effective interventions for treating this group of individuals. [Client must write some words here on why they have chosen this topic (this is essential according to the assignment brief).] SEARCH STRATEGY In preparation for this critical literature review, a number of sources including journals, articles and health text books were used. The search was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given below: The Department of Health NHS Evidence (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (American Psychological Association, 2013). PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Council publications (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). Royal College of Psychiatrists useful resources (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). Royal College of Nursing library services (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). These databases contained numerous useful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, guidelines and reviews that were used to gather evidence relevant to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Search terms used included; ‘drugs and substance abuse’, ‘alcohol abuse’, ‘effects of alcohol abuse’, and ‘intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse[1]’. It was not uncommon for a search to produce many results. Therefore, for any search that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were observed to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining results were not looked at because of time constraints[2]. In addition to searching for relevant sources through online databases, reference lists within articles were also utilised to search for other relevant sources. Inclusion Criteria For an effective review of the subject area, there was a need to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, papers published in the English language and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were still considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult sample but was still considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion. Exclusion Criteria General papers on drugs and substance abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and published before the year 1999 were not included. An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing Index, is given below. Search Strategy Example: British Nursing Index (BNI). Through citing the term ‘intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol’, 5,000 articles were gathered without limiters. Limiters such as ‘role of mental health nurses’ and ‘only book and journals concerned with drugs and substance abuse’ were applied to the second search, which reduced the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, additional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in depth exploration of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria. LITERATURE REVIEW Interventions for substance abuse serve a number of purposes including reducing use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death. Prevention and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), secondary (early identification of the problem and subsequent treatment) and tertiary levels (late identification and treatment). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the years. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing young people with information and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer pressure (Gilvarry, 2000). Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 noted drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of substance abuse. Mental Health Interventions Research has evidenced that Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009; Marshall and Werb, 2010; Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially devastating effects of depression at both the individual (Galaif et al., 2011; Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), substance abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with distress or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individual’s normal development (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosis and i ntervention is often incredibly complex, especially when substance abuse is also a factor. Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. All these professionals use methods of observation and inquiries through asking questions to help establish any given patient’s condition. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in both hospitals and the community. In the United Kingdom, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental disorders and mental illnesses that may have developed as a result of substance abuse (Department of Health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people focus on their goals or outcomes; help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take responsibility for and participate in decisions about their health. They provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing and e vidence informed practices. They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to provide intake co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow-up care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools. They can provide health promotion, prevention and early detection of problematic substance use; use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using best practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from successfully achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients’ families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). In a comprehensive review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) found that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was significantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a suitable intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be appropriate as it would not be treating the root of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place. Psychiatric and Medical Interventions Psychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social approach when treating individuals with substance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are suffering from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of dangerous side effects (Webster, 2005). Motivational Interventions Motivational interventions are brief interventions used by professionals to enhance a young person’s motivation to change and stop abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was found that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no better at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of online databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the body of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite limited. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of efficacy such as a redu ction in future criminal prosecution for drug offences or improvement in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in particular by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from inner city London were randomly allocated to either a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a brief, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and at a three month follow up point. It was found that in comparison to the control group, young people who received motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in favour of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very open to bias and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months later (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had completely disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective short term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues, it has no enduring effectiveness over a long period of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention. Community-Based Interventions Community drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recovery care planning, support and care co-ordination, advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and relapse prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C testing and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the achievement of individual goals, helping individuals to remain healthy, until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, especially when it came to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had received training in delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increasing the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people suffering from substance abuse. Supporting this recommendation was a study by Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescents. Religious Interventions Some interventions are religious in nature. For instance, the United Methodist Church follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offering a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. Another popular religious based approach to tacking alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step program offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who still use alcohol. The 12-step programme motivates addicts to stop consuming alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their cause of addiction. Numerous programs accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, complete abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at moderation which may cause relapses. Fi orentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much longer period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than either treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them overcome their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimidated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as showing potentia l efficacy in treating young people with these problems. Family-Oriented Interventions It has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young person’s risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improving parental behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all highly effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as research has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is suitable and not run the risk of worsening a young person’s relationship with their family and in turn worsening their substance abuse. School-Based Interventions Education about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around encouraging a positive school environment and improving young peoples’ relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of observational studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This essay has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young person’s drug usage will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, stimulant drugs will most likely be used for nervous system arousal, while other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage correspond to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substanc e abused. From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental healthcare especially to help young people who are adversely affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others experience mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to counter such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people. A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people struggling with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of various musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan & DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be lacking in use with young people. Another main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered unethical if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to intervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers’ use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their intake of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are seeing a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias meaning that many young people may fabricate their answer s in order to either please the professionals who are involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse. The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing that the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success. Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This doesn’t indicate failure in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007). This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention. Strengths of this Critical Literature Review Secondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided larger scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse. Limitations of this Critical Literature Review This literature review was small in scale, since word and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. 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APPENDICES Appendix A Search Term: â€Å"Drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5597 PsychINFO22 PubMed2337 Google Scholar1,070,000 Nursing.net4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council59 Royal College of Psychiatrists477 Royal College of Nursing library services1,753 Search Term: â€Å"Alcohol Abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence6893 PsychINFO92 PubMed87,995 Google Scholar1,480,000 Nursing.net1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council138 Royal College of Psychiatrists629 Royal College of Nursing library services1,654 Search Term: â€Å"Effects of alcohol abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5476 PsychINFO31 PubMed21,363 Google Scholar1,430,000 Nursing.net8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council40 Royal College of Psychiatrists531 Royal College of Nursing library services2,590 Search term: â€Å"Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence3169 PsychINFO3 PubMed215 Google Scholar174,000 Nursing.net7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council23 Royal College of Psychiatrists302 Royal College of Nursing library services3,250 Appendix B TitleFirst AuthorPublication Year 1Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation: the additive effects of integrated recovery activities.Fiorentine2000 2A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments.Engle2009 3Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research.RachBeisel1999 4Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12National Drug Treatment Monitoring System2012 5Substance abuse in young people.Gilvarry2000 6The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial.McCambridge2004 7The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family intervention, with a focus on young people.Velleman2005 8School effects on young people’s drug use: a systematic review of interv ention and observational studies.Fletcher2008 9A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people.Jones2006 10Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse: foundations, applications and evaluations.Tevyaw2004 11Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.Smedslund2011 12On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse.Waldron2004 13Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting: within treatment and posttreatment findings.Morgenstern2001 14Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.Kumpfer2003 15Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people.McCambridge2005 16Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions: full guideline.National Institute for Health and C linical Excellence2007 17Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions.Connors2001